Body Image Essay - 636 Words

Body Image Do you look in the mirror and pick yourself apart? Do you constantly worry about what you look like? You might be thinking, â€Å"Sure, no big deal.† But, the way you look at yourself and how you talk to yourself on a daily basis can have a huge impact on your life. One of the largest influence on teenage girls is the media.The media pushes body image, clothes, and fast food. At the same time they push weight lose with unrealistic results. The combination of all the above leads teenage girls down the road to eating disorders and a confusing self-image When you are not happy with who you are it is hard to be a good friend and a good student. If your mind is on what you dont like about yourself and your body, then†¦show more content†¦Girls are taught from a young age that the key to success is beauty. The commercial media, for example, pays no attention to girls minds and life goals. Instead, they show us Naomi Campbell, Nikki Taylor, and other popular models, telling us that this is what you should go for. As the well-known Body Shop slogan says, There are three billion women who dont look like supermodels and only eight who do. Yet millions of women skip meals, skip dessert, and treat food as their enemy just to look like the impossibly thin women on the covers of todays magazine. Even those who love and support you might be accidentally leading you into hurtful behaviors. When you see a parent or loved one going on strict diets or exercising a lot, you might feel that what they are doing is normal. You might even be encouraged then to diet and exercise as much as they do. While they think they are trying to teach you good habits, they might actually be teaching you to do things that hurt your body. If you look in any nutrition book, you will find something about Recommended Daily Allowances of vitamins and minerals. Now, look at the labels on the food you eat. Often, when you go on diets, you eat foods that are low in the nutrients you need like calcium and iron. These things keep you energetic and strong. Your body does not work as well without them. While calories might seem bad to a dieter, when you have less caloriesShow MoreRelatedBody Image And Body Images1896 Words   |  8 Pagesfeelings of body image. Many people think a dancer’s personal vision of their body image is an important part of their psychological health and well-being and can help or hinder their dance performance. But what is body image? Body image is both perceptual (what we see) and affective (how we feel about what we see) (Rudd Carter, 2006). Cash, (2004) referred body image to the multifaceted psychological experience of embodiment, especially one’s physical appearance and encompasses one’s body-relatedRead MoreEating Disorders And Body Image Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesKarlye Weber AMST 3723 Dr. Carreiro 15 November 2016 Typically when covering the topic of eating disorders and body image dissatisfaction athletes and young women are the center of research and are stereotyped to be the only groups of people who suffer from self-image issues. In â€Å"The Hidden Faces of Eating Disorders and Body Image,† authors Justine Reels and Katherine Beals look to breakdown the stereotypes and dig deeper into the issues that cross over the borders of ethnicity, age and genderRead MoreThe Body Image Movement Aims Essay1780 Words   |  8 Pages2014). Movements have purposes, even when these have to do with transforming members themselves rather then the worlds outside the movement (Jasper 2014). The body image movement aims to improve the relationship between women and their bodies in a more positive manner (Dove 2014). Currently, women are suffering from an increase in body self-consciousness as a result of medias role regarding beauty ideals. Researchers have found that women worldwide do not view themselves as beautiful and are consistentlyRead MoreBad Body Image Days Or Bad Self Image1235 Words   |  5 PagesBad body image days or bad self-image days, in general, are something that every person at some point in time endures. Everyone has their insecurities and some days these insecurities  strike out to us more so than other days. Being our own worst critic, the days you wake up swearing you gained 10 pounds over night or the days you wake up shocked to see your face as one inflamed  pimple can be extremely  hindering. We all love morning stomach but some days you wake up bloated and feeling a tad moreRead MoreThe Impact Of Fitspiration Images On College Women s Body Image1433 Words   |  6 Pages​It is undeniable that the body changes many times throughout the length of adulthood. Education is one indicator that a person has began their journey into adulthood. Attending a University is a time when many men and women set out on their own to find their own identity and place in the world. Part of that identity is body image. Tiggemann and Zaccardo (2015) conducted research that aimed to investigate the impact of fitspiration images on college women’s body image. Participants included 130 femaleRead MoreBody Image : The African American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesBody Image in the African American Culture Today we live in a society that over the years has become so obsessed with body image and how an individual should look. Different cultures have different standards and norms that help to define their ideal body image. African Americans because of their differences in culture have gone against most cultural norms and have set their own definitions of beauty, body image, and body satisfaction. Because of these key differences, the African American communityRead MorePositive Body Image Group Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pages Body image disturbance, or BID, can have negative effects on individuals and can be found among many different ages of women. In fact, BID can even be found in girls as young as age seven. Many negative effects have been attributed to BID, such as increased anxiety, stress, and depression, which can cause issues both psychologically and physically (Devaraj Lewis, 2010). Therefore, there is a need to help women combat these negative effects of body image disturbance and help maintain a more positiveRead MoreNegative Body Image of Women in the Media2325 Words   |  10 Pagesside effects resulting in low self-esteem, eating disorders, or depression. Media projects images of women that have been surgically or technologically edited, these projections are causing negative effects. These unrealistic women have a greater effect on young women today, society has enveloped this idea that we have to meet this certain image. We have become so overwhelmed with the stereotypical image causi ng great disapproval for women who are slightly overweight. Everyone wants to look theirRead MoreThe Media And It s Impute On Body Image1850 Words   |  8 Pages2015 The Media and It’s Impute on Body Image There are no questions to whether the media has influenced the self-consciousness people have on their body or not. Whether it is the front of a magazine cover or in a film or television show, the selection of models or actors are primarily thin or fit leading readers and viewers to worry or want to change the way their body looks. Body image is the way one sees oneself and imagine how one looks. Having a positive body image means that most of the time someoneRead MoreSocietal Expectations And Media Influences Of Body Image Essay1769 Words   |  8 PagesExpectations and Media Influences of Body Image Numerous studies have been conducted on the various aspects of the impact and societal expectations held by north America and the impacts that it has on today’s youth. Body Image is a picture or mental image of your own body and how you view it.However, during my research process, there were very few sources that supported the media’s projection of body image. As we explore all the aspects of what body image really is and what impact may the media

Necessity of Dropping the Atomic Bomb to End World War II

Professor Robert James Maddox argues that the atomic bomb was necessary to force the Japanese army to finally surrender and avoid a costly and heavy casualty war with Japan. On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japan. Three days after the initial bombing, another nuclear weapon was dropped on Nagasaki, a main Japanese city. President Truman and Professor Maddox both had the same belief that these bombs were crucial to Japan surrendering in the war. Maddox mentions that Japan was a beaten nation by the summer of 1945 and conventional bombings had reduced many of their cities to almost nothing. He goes on to say that although many rational calculations had Japan listed as a beaten nation, their military was fully prepared to fight and even claimed to encourage invasions in order to make the United States suffer severe casualties. With the use of kamikazes and even suicide missions to destroy American ships, the Japanese could be expected to defend their nation at virtually all costs and fight the war hard until it was over. The United States and President Truman declared that if Japan did not surrender, our nation would use the atomic bomb on their country. There were roughly 193,500 anticipated casualties and according to Robert James Maddox, these figures were never mentioned to President Truman. A second myth that has been circulating is that many of the President’s military advisers told him that the use of atomic bombs wouldShow MoreRelatedDid The Atomic Bomb Be End World War II?1115 Words   |  5 PagesDrop the Atomic Bomb to End World War II? Inventions have been accomplished due to the vast technology that is in place. Technology has led to the advancement of warfare in most parts of the world. The same technology has resulted in inventions that range from gunpowder to the atom that is splitting the environments across the borders. These inventions have led to some countries being able to leap over other weaker countries when it comes to war. Among all these inventions, the atomic bomb stands outRead MoreHarry S. Truman For Defeating Japan s Barbaric Regime And Ending The Bloodiest War1641 Words   |  7 PagesHarry S. Truman was forced to decide whether or not to drop the atomic bombs on Japan, the moral choice was clear: dropping the bombs was the most viable option available that would end World War II, minimize casualties on both sides of the war, and ensure American victory. Every other option available to Truman would have resulted in a much greater loss for the people of both Japan and the United States. While dr opping atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was undeniably an atrocityRead MoreEssay on Atomic Bombing on Japan937 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Military Necessity? On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a.m., the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy.† Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a.m., the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man.† These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many peopleRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : Right Or Wrong1642 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Shedd 11/10/15 Word Count: 1517 The Atomic Bomb: Right or Wrong On August 6th, 1945 the very first atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. A second atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki a few days later. This was the largest attack a country had ever seen before and there were many different views on whether the bombs were necessary or not. Like any conflict, there were groups that were against dropping the bomb such as the Wall Street Journal and groupsRead MorePresident Truman Made A Nuclear Weapon1745 Words   |  7 Pagesdropped a nuclear weapon on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, at the command of President Harry Truman. Then, on August 9, 1945 a second atomic bomb was dropped on Japan in the city of Nagasaki. President Truman made this choice in an effort to end World War II. World War II began on September 1,1939 and ended on September 2,1945 ending in an Allie victory. This world was fought primarily by the Axis Powers: Germany, Austria, Italy, and Japan and the Allie Powers: Great Britain, France, T he USSR, andRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1074 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different ways in which WWII could have ended. Rather than taking the risk of dropping atomic bombs on Japan, many people believe that one of the alternative options would have been much more sensible. The variety of possible options the U.S. could have taken to finish the war have been analyzed for years. Though Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most controversial and debated topics in history, this researcher believes that he madeRead MoreWhy the Atomic Bomb Was the Wrong Choice Essay example1340 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II played host to some of the most gruesome and largest mass killings in history. From the start of the war in 1939 until the end of the war in 1945 there were three mass killings, by three big countries on those who they thought were lesser peoples. The rape of Nanking, which was carried out by the J apanese, resulted in the deaths of 150,000 to 200,000 Chinese civilians and POW. A more well-known event was of the Germans and the Holocaust. Hitler and the Nazi regime persecuted and killedRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Is Not A Military Necessity1210 Words   |  5 Pagesrevered American generals, Leahy, Macarthur, and Eisenhower, stated the dropping of the atomic bomb â€Å"was not a military necessity.† Japan was already struggling greatly to maintain itself, and they felt that it would fall soon. Leahy even went as far as to say that a continuation of the blockade of Japan and bombings would have been enough to bring Japan to its knees. These generals acknowledged the efficiency of the atomic bomb, but could not reconcile that efficiency to the devastating consequencesRead MoreJustified or Unjustified: America Builds the First Nuclear Weapon883 Words   |  4 PagesOn August 2, 1938, in the heat of World War II, Albert Einstein, a physicist born in Germany, sent a letter to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States. The letter suggested America to build an atomic bomb before the Nazi Germany does. However, it took more than two months for the letter to reach Roosevelt. On October 19, 1938, Roosevelt agreed, replying, â€Å"I found this data of such import that I have convened a Board †¦ to thoroughly investigate the possibilities of yourRead MoreThe Nuclear Bombing On World War II Essay2204 Words   |  9 Pages To what extent was the nuclear bombing on Japan necessary to end World War II Eric Leiva-Ochoa History Internal Assessment Word Count: â€Æ' Table of Contents Section 1: Identification and evaluation of sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Section 2: Investigation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Section 3: Reflection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Works Cited †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......8 â€Æ' Section 1: Identification and Evaluation of Sources This investigation will explore

Paper on Hades Free Essays

In Greek mythology, Hades was an Olympian God, regarded as the ‘God of the Dead’ or the ‘Lord of the Underworld’. He was born to Cronus, the leader of the Titans, who ruled during the legendary Golden Age, and his wife Rhea, on the island of Crete. He had two brothers, Zeus and Poseidon, and three sisters Demeter, Hestia and Hera. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper on Hades or any similar topic only for you Order Now In art works, Hades is depicted as a dark man with a huge beard. It is believed that Cronus devoured five of his own children, when Gaia and Ouranos made the prophecy that Cronus would be overcome by one of his sons just like he did to his father. The youngest son Zeus escaped this wrath with his mother’s help, and went on to become a powerful warrior forcing Cronus to disgorge his siblings. Then Zeus teamed up with his brothers, Poseidon and Hades, raged a war against the Titans, and defeated them. The three brothers chose their realms after this win. Zeus got the sky, Poseidon got the sea and Hades got the underworld. He had a chariot which was pulled by four black horses. The Narcissus and the Cypress plants were sacred to him. Hades had a pet called Cerberus, a multi-headed dog who guarded the gates of the underworld. Its task was to make sure that no one escaped the realms of Hades. Persephone, the queen on Hades, was the goddess of fertility. She was carried away by Hades, to his realm. He enticed her into plucking a pomegranate, after tasting which, she was bound to the underworld. But, at the end, it was decided that Persephone would spend a part of the year with Hades in the underworld and the rest in her world, with her mother. Subjects of Hades were forbidden from leaving his realm as it would enrage him to know about his subjects going against his wishes. However, it proved to be an exception when Eurydice, wife of Orpheus, was almost allowed to return back from the underworld. She was killed due to a snake bite. When Orpheus went to the underworld to bring her back, Hades was so touched by his music that he agreed to send Eurydice back, but warned Orpheus to return back to his world without turning back on the way to check whether Eurydice is following him. But Orpheus thought that Hades tricked him and turned back, and he lost his chance to get his wife back. Being the Lord of the underworld, Hades was indeed feared by one and all, but he was worshipped. People believed that they got precious minerals from the underworld which was the realm of Hades. Black animals were sacrificed to Hades, unlike the traditional ritual of white animal sacrifice to gods. He was also termed as ‘the rich one’, as all the riches of Earth were in his possession How to cite Paper on Hades, Essay examples

Sports in Britain free essay sample

Contentss Introduction_ 2 Sports in Britain_ 3 Sports 3 Football 4 Rugby_ 6 Cricket 8 Tennis 10 Golf 11 Horseracing 12 British motorsport 13 Other athleticss 16 Conclusion_ 17 Literature 18 Introduction Introduction There were no national athletics in Great Britain in the early 18 century. That clip, athleticss were closely linked to church celebrations. Traditional games include skittless, horseshoess, jumping, coursing, horse-racing ; animate being ( bull, bear ) baiting and prick combat. Boxing, fustigating, wrestling and boxing were most popular single athleticss. Rowing ( particularly on the Thames and Tyne ) was the most popular spectacle athletics. Cricket, the oldest team-sport to hold survived, became the first game leting the members of nobility non to sit a Equus caballus when playing. Nowadays, there are rather a figure of athleticss, which are said to hold been invented in Britain. For illustration, cricket, association football, rugger, tennis, squash, table tennis, badminton, canoeing and snooker. Even the first regulations for athleticss such as pugilism, golf, hockey, yachting and horse-racing all originated from Britain. Now if you were British, the athleticss you would prefer to take portion in and non watch would be angling, snooker and darts. Let s merely hold a expression at a few types of athleticss. Sports in Britain Sports in BritainSports Sports Sports is likely the oldest athletics of all and surely the first to be staged on an organized footing, dating back to the ancient Games in Olympia, Greece, which were first held in 776BC. The first recorded grounds of it in Britain can be traced to 1154 when pattern Fieldss were established in London. It was surely promoted in the early sixteenth century by King Henry Vlll, who was reputed to be an complete cock throwster. The modern athletics developed early in the nineteenth century. Organized pes races for amateurs were held in England every bit early as 1825, while the first national titles were staged in 1866 by the Amateur Athletic Club, which became the Amateur Athletics Association in 1880. The modern Olympics, foremost held in Athens in 1896, was the cue for the athletics to turn massively in popularity and take on an international spirit. Britain won merely one path and field decoration in those games # 8211 ; a Ag for Grantley Goulding in the 110m hurdlings, but did instead better four old ages subsequently in Paris with four gold decorations in the 800m, 1500m, 5000m and steeplechase. The 1924 Games, besides held in Paris, were another victory for British sports. Harold Abrahams won the 100m and former Scottish rugger international Eric Liddell took bronze in the 200m. Liddell had besides been due to run in the 100m but the qualifying unit of ammunitions were held on a Sunday and his spiritual strong beliefs prevented him from taking portion. He switched to the 400m alternatively and won the gold decoration in a universe record clip. The feats of these two smugglers were the topic of the Oscar-winning movie Chariots of Fire, made in 1981. Another legendary name in British sports is that of Roger Bannister. On 6 May 1954 at the Oxford University path, this 25 # 8209 ; year-old medical pupil became the first adult male to interrupt four proceedingss for the stat mi, a barrier that many experts had considered unsurmountable. The two work forces who paced him that twenty-four hours were Chris Chataway, subsequently to go a Member of Parliament, and Chris Brasher, who won the 3000m steeplechase at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics and instigated the London Marathon, foremost held in 1981. British adult females started to accomplish noteworthy success in sports during the sixtiess. At the Tokyo Olympics in 1964 there were gilded decorations for Ann Packer in the 800m and Mary Rand in the long leap. At Munich in 1972, Mary Peters of Northern Ireland became the universe # 8217 ; s top all-round adult female jock by winning the pentathlon # 8211 ; and now has an sports bowl named after her in her place state. More late, hurdler Sally Gunnell and long-distance smuggler Liz McColgan from Scotland established themselves as the best rivals in their events. The late seventiess and early 1980s were a aureate age for British sports. The intense competition between in-between distance smugglers Steve Ovett and Sebastian Coe, both Olympic title-holders and universe record holders, stole most of the headlines but the Scots sprinter Alan Wells and decathlete Daley Thompson besides achieved success at the highest degree. In their paths have followed other universe beaters, such as smugglers Linford Christie and Roger Black, hurdler Colin Jackson, in-between distance smuggler Steve Cram and javelin-thrower Steve Backley. The 2005 Sydney Olympics was besides a victory for British sports # 8211 ; a squad sum of 11 gold decorations included top consequences from Heptathlon rival Denise Lewis and ternary leap victor Jonathan Edwards. 2007 saw Manchester in the North of England host the most successful Commonwealth Games yet. Football Football Football # 8211 ; is a game, which is played in two squads, each dwelling of 11 participants. A unit of ammunition ball is kicked up and down the playing field and each squad tries to kick the ball into the other squad s end. Football is a manner of life in Britain # 8211 ; 1000000s of protagonists follow their squads around the state and by sing one of the many football locales in Britain, you excessively can portion the passion. Football in England can be traced back to the twelfth century as a ball game played on Shrove Tuesday in Ashbourne, Derbyshire. The intent of the game was for town locals to derive ownership of the ball and return it to a specific town or parish. Towards the terminal of the fifteenth century, Henry VII tried to censor the playing of football in England. Whether it was because he wanted to promote the state # 8217 ; s immature work forces to pattern their archery, or merely cut down the mayhem and conspicuous alcoholic ingestion that went alongside these great brawling brushs, is still a affair for historical argument. But nil could halt the people of Britain from playing their game. By the mid # 8209 ; 19th century, football began to take the more civilised form we know today. In 1846 the private schools universally adopted the # 8216 ; Cambridge regulations # 8217 ; and in 1863 the Football Association was formed. By the terminal of the nineteenth century football was large concern in Britain, with a professional conference of two divisions in England and Wales, a separate conference in Scotland, cup competitions in all three states, and an audience of 1000000s. In 1910, West Auckland, an recreational squad of mineworkers from Durham in the north-east of England, played in the first of all time # 8216 ; World Cup # 8217 ; , a cobbled-together competition that pre-dated the official World Cup by 20 old ages. They won it, crushing the professionals of Italy # 8217 ; s Juventus in the concluding. But the British were slow to follow up that success, non come ining the World Cup until 1950 and every bit decelerate to fall in in the European competitions. Britain # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; splendid isolation # 8217 ; meant it was left behind the universe game when it did come in the major competitions, but it shortly caught up. In 1966 England hosted the World Cup finals and won, crushing West Germany 4 # 8211 ; 2 in excess clip. The undermentioned twelvemonth the Scottish nine Glasgow Celtic won the European Cup and their success was repeated in 1968 by Manchester United which included Bobby Charlton and George Best. English nines dominated European football during the late seventiess and early 1980s. Liverpool won the European Cup four times between 1977 and 1984 and in the intervening old ages Nottingham Forest won it twice and Aston Villa one time. But the state so had to wait until Manchester United # 8217 ; s injury-time victory over Bayern Munich in 2004 for the trophy to return to England. British football has a repute for being the most entertaining in the universe. It s a mix of gait and passion combined with the accomplishment and technique which has been enhanced since a major hard currency injection from telecasting companies has enabled nines to pull many of the universe s greatest participants to the UK. During the 2004/2005 season, the London nine Chelsea fielded a squad that included participants from Italy, France, Spain, Norway, Romania, Nigeria, Brazil and Uruguay # 8211 ; and even the nine director was Italian. The debut of so many foreign participants to British football has done nil to cut down the strength of local competitions. The # 8216 ; Old Firm # 8217 ; games in Scotland between the great nines of Glasgow, Celtic and Rangers, are possibly the most ferociously contested occasions, though they are run near by the local bowler hats between Liverpool and Everton, Manchester United and Manchester City, and north London nines Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur. In the season 2007/2008 Manchester United have won the Premiership rubric in England. Rugby Rugby Rugby got its name from the English public school Rugby, where, over a century ago, a male child picked up a association football ball and ran with it. To us it seems like a combination of handball and football. It is besides rather a violent athletics, and it is non uncommon for participants to lose dentitions in the class a season. Rugby is the national athletics of Wales, and international titles are arranged between England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and France. Rugby # 8211 ; a signifier of football, which is played with an egg-shaped ball and can be carried or kicked. It is played in two squads, each dwelling of 13 or 15 participants, depending on whether they are playing # 171 ; Rugby League # 187 ; or # 171 ; Rugby Union # 187 ; . The purpose of the game is to seek to set the ball over the other squad s line. Rugby and football became two separate athleticss when the Football Association said merely the goalie was allowed to keep the ball. Legend says the game was born in 1823 during a football lucifer at Rugby School. Alternatively of kicking the ball, an enterprising 16 # 8209 ; year-old named William Webb Ellis, picked it up and ran with it, plunging over the other squad # 8217 ; s line to claim a end. A plaque at Rugby School commemorates Ellis # 8217 ; s accomplishment. There were no widely recognized # 8216 ; regulations # 8217 ; for football during the 1820s, but by the 1840s the game was germinating in two separate waies ; one where the ball was controlled preponderantly by the pess, and the other, pioneered at Rugby School, where it was kept in the manus. The game # 8217 ; s first regulations were published at Rugby in 1846 ; one of which stated that it was # 8216 ; unjust to chop and keep at the same clip # 8217 ; , which gives some thought of how uncompromising a athletics it was. The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) was established in 1871 to organize a cosmopolitan set of Torahs that besides removed some of the more violent facets of the Rugby School game. The 21 nines that attended the first meeting included Harlequins, Blackheath and Richmond, still among Britain # 8217 ; s top rugby-playing nines today. One celebrated name that was losing, though, was the London nine Wasps. Somehow they managed to direct their representative to the incorrect locale at the incorrect clip on the incorrect twenty-four hours. Rugby # 8217 ; s first international was besides played that twelvemonth, in March at Raeburn Place in Edinburgh, between Scotland and England. The Scots won, but England got their retaliation in the return fixture the undermentioned twelvemonth at the Oval. The regulations have changed a great trade since 1871 and spawned other games, notably American Football and Australian Rules Football. In 1895 rugger itself split into two codifications when 20 nines from northern England formed Rugby League, a professional version of the Rugby Union game. Rugby Union would stay an recreational athletics for another hundred old ages. The heartland of Rugby League is still in northern England, in Hull and Halifax, Wigan and Warrington, Leeds and Bradford. The most passionate fans of Rugby Union are to be found in the vale of south Wales, the Scots boundary lines, and the English Midlands and west state. It # 8217 ; s a popular athletics in Ireland, excessively. Indeed, it # 8217 ; s the lone athletics where the Irish are represented by one, united squad. Cricket Cricket Cricket is a ball game played by two squads of 11 participants. It is played on a pitch with a wicket ( a sort of end ) at each terminal. Each squad chiropteran ( takes its innings ) in bend. The object of the batting side is to do tallies, while the bowling and the fielding side attempts to disregard the batters. The winning squad is the 1 that scores most tallies. The witnesss must be a patient batch. Alleged trial lucifers last for three or five yearss. Cricket is a summer game in England and Wales. However, it has become really popular throughout the Commonwealth in topographic points like Australia, the West Indies, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and New Zealand. Cricket # 8211 ; a really celebrated and perfectly English game! The first signifier of cricket was played 250 old ages ago. The regulations are really complicated, but it is a game, which is played on a field with 11 participants in each squad. The purpose of the game is to hit as many # 171 ; runs # 187 ; ( which are points ) by hitting a difficult leather-covered ball with a wooden chiropteran and running between two sets of unsloped wooden sticks, which are called # 171 ; stumps # 187 ; . At the same clip the other squad attempts to throw the participants out by bowling them out, catching them out or running them out. A game of cricket can last all afternoon if it is played on the small town viridity. However, at international degree it can last 5 yearss. Cricket began in south-east England with shepherds bowling balls of wool at Gatess called bonds. Records show Edward II exerting a chiropteran, and even Cromwell was partial to a game. One of the earliest nine was formed at Hambledon, Hampshire, in the 1760s, but modern cricket truly began to develop in London with the formation of the Marylebone Cricket Club, or MCC, in 1787. The undermentioned twelvemonth, members of the nine drew up a set of regulations, which have survived, mostly unchanged to the present twenty-four hours. The MCC asked Thomas Lord to happen them a land, and the nine eventually settled on the site of a former duck pool. Lord # 8217 ; s, as the land came to be known, is still the place land for the MCC, and is widely acknowledged as the place of cricket. County cricket developed as the game caught on outside London, with one of the first county lucifers being played between Middlesex and Essex in 1787. Eight counties were eventually organized into a title in 1890, with 18 now playing for today # 8217 ; s County Championship, the oldest domestic competition in English cricket, at some of the most picturesque locales in the universe. International cricket had been developing as the game followed the advancement of the British Empire around the Earth. England travelled to Australia in 1877 to play their first international, or # 8216 ; Test # 8217 ; lucifer overseas. After losing to Australia in England for the first clip in 1882, two ladies burnt a bond and presented the ashes to the England captain as the # 8216 ; ashes of English cricket # 8217 ; . Both states still play for # 8216 ; the Ashes # 8217 ; , kept in a terracotta urn at Lord # 8217 ; s, every two old ages and the clang is one of the oldest and most celebrated international athleticss fixtures in the universe. The MCC formed the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1898 to supervise Test cricket, with the three Test-playing states as laminitis members ; England, Australia and South Africa. India, New Zealand and the West Indies joined in 1926, with Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh following in ulterior old ages to corroborate cricket as a worldwide athletics. / gt ; Although the Imperial Cricket Conference has become the International Cricket Council, it is still based in the Clock Tower at Lord # 8217 ; s. The game has been modernized in recent old ages, adding to its popularity. County cricket has been supplemented with the one-day games of the National Cricket League, played in a less-traditional brightly-coloured kit, while international cricket now includes its ain World Cup and one-day Internationals # 8211 ; besides played in football-style shirts. The sum of cricket played in England and Wales means there # 8217 ; s ever the opportunity to see history being made, and fans at Test lucifers are famously lively in the presence of a good consequence. When England beat the West Indies at The Oval in August 2005 for the first clip in 30 old ages, fans took to the pitch in jubilation. Even at less successful brushs, protagonists known as the # 8216 ; Barmy Army # 8217 ; are frequently seen dancing the conga and have oning fancy frock as they pass the clip on the long summer afternoons # 8211 ; the ambiance has to be experienced to be believed. Tennis Tennis # 8211 ; is a game for 2 to 4 participants # 8211 ; either two people singles or between two twosomes doubles . The purpose of the game is to hit the ball backwards and forwards over the net and do it set down in your oppositions tribunal. A game of tennis is called a lucifer. The game is played on a specially pronounced tribunal, which can be grass, asphalt, clay etc. Tennis was originally called # 171 ; sphairistike # 187 ; ! The first tourney was held in the London suburb of Wimbledon in 1877. Wimbledon is still the universe s most celebrated tennis event. Golf Britain is a dream semen true for golfing partisans. Where else could you watch the likes of Tiger Woods viing for the greatest awards in the athletics one twenty-four hours and be playing on the same classs for modest green fees the following? For witnesss there s a host of top-class action including the Open Championship, the World Matchplay Championship and the Ryder Cup. The universe s really best can be seen in action on some of the oldest classs in the athletics. But the existent attractive force for golf lovers is the assortment and quality of the many classs available to play. You could be pluging the air like Ballesteros did on the 18th at the Old Course at St Andrews when he won the Open Championship in 1987. Or would you instead recreate celebrated Ryder Cup affaire dhonneurs at The De Vere Belfry in the bosom of Warwickshire. And it s non merely the celebrated classs on offer. For illustration the legendary St Andrews offers five other classs every bit good as the celebrated Old Course. The assortment of other golfing challenges is astonishing. You might take to oppose your marbless on rugged, windblown seaside links classs offering arresting scenery of the British coastline. Many of these classs have nt hardly changed for 100 old ages or more and are still every bit disputing as of all time. If that does nt take your illusion there are exuberant, parkland classs such as Wentworth in Surrey or Woodhall Spa in Lincolnshire, heathland links such as Walton Heath in Berkshire and up-to-date American layouts such as St Mellion in Cornwall, designed by Jack Nicklaus. The bulk of classs are inexpensive to play and easy to book. Many concerns run complete golf vacation bundles to provide for all your playing demands. Lawn tennis evolved in the state houses of England in the center of the nineteenth century. The innovation of the gum elastic ball made it possible to play # 171 ; existent # 187 ; or # 171 ; royal # 187 ; tennis # 8211 ; a complicated game played in a courtyard # 8211 ; outside on grass. Although besides popular in the United States, it was in England, specifically at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, South London, that the game became established. Thingss are the same today, with Wimbledon the Prime Minister tennis tourney in the universe and the International Tennis Federation, the athletics s opinion organic structure, based merely two stat mis up the route in Roehampton. The first-ever organized tennis tourney in the universe took topographic point at Wimbledon in 1877 and was held to raise money to mend the roller for the lawns. Since so all of the great participants have had their greatest victory in England. Pre-war, Fred Perry and France s Suzanne Lenglen enjoyed major success. In modern times Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova, Bjorn Borg and John McEnroe have all become fables and even more late Pete Sampras and the Williams sisters have become title-holders. In recent old ages Tim Henman and Greg Rudseski have provided the place involvement and there s nil rather like the ambiance on Wimbledon s Centre Court when one of them is shuting in on triumph. Their success has led to a figure of other international tourneies being held around the state, from cheery seaside Brighton to the esteemed Royal Albert Hall in London. Horseracing Horseracing in Britain can be traced back to the twelfth century when English knights returned from the Crusades with Arab Equus caballuss. This new blood was assorted with English Equus caballus stock to finally bring forth the thoroughbreds that race today. Their households are recorded in The Stud Book so that the beginnings of every Equus caballus which is rushing in Britain can be traced back coevalss. Known as the # 171 ; Sport of Kings # 187 ; , racing has enjoyed centuries of British Royal backing. Henry VIII imported Equus caballuss from Spain and Italy and established he-mans, while Charles I besides had a he-man. However, it was with the reign of Charles II ( 1660 # 8211 ; 85 ) that the athletics began to take the form of today. The # 171 ; male parent of English rushing # 187 ; established the King # 8217 ; s Plates # 8211 ; races for which awards were awarded to the victors. Charles II # 8217 ; s backing besides established Newmarket as the central office for English Flat racing, the locale for the first race meetings in Britain. It is now one of the best topographic points in the universe to see to larn about the athletics. By the mid # 8209 ; eighteenth century, the demand for more public racing produced larger, more widespread, events. The Derby was up and running by 1780 and is now the most celebrated of all flat-racing events ; it # 8217 ; s held on Epsom Downs to the south-west of London and is an one-year must on the calendar for race-fans and socialites likewise. The gem in the Crown of the winter steeplechasing season, the Grand National, was foremost staged in 1839. Held at Aintree outside Liverpool it holds the state # 8217 ; s attending every spring and tempts even the most uninterested into the betting stores. Today, Flat and National Hunt rushing takes topographic point at 59 classs throughout the state, and, weather permitting, all through the twelvemonth, from the well-known leap classs of the West Country ( like Exeter and Wincanton ) to the Centre of the Scottish circuit # 8211 ; the Western Meeting at Ayr. From the Derby class at Epsom and Ascot, in the South, via Cheltenham # 8217 ; s festival class to northern paths like York # 8211 ; the Ascot of the north # 8211 ; there are race meetings to go to at weekends, and in the center of the hebdomad, all twelvemonth unit of ammunition. British motorsport British motorsport and the birth of path racing are as much about British jurisprudence as the desire to race off-road. At the bend of the twentieth century, route racing was popular all over the universe, but in Britain rushing on public roads was illegal so British drivers had to go abroad to race competitively. Enthusiasts, led by Hugh F Locke-King, were so disquieted that the British motoring might fall behind the remainder of the universe, that they started work on their ain private path. By 1907, Brooklands # 8211 ; an egg-shaped circuit with steep banked corners # 8211 ; was completed on Locke-King # 8217 ; s estate in Surrey. Handicap races started instantly and were organized more similar Equus caballus races than modern motor races with drivers featuring colorss as opposed to Numberss. Large-scale betting took topographic point and the events became a popular portion of the societal calendar. The thought of utilizing colour to distinguish drivers was adopted for more formal racing with the Gallic in bluish, the Germans in white, the Italians in ruddy and the British in green. The F1 universe title that we know today started in 1950. It was decided by seven races, one of which was held in Britain. The 50s besides saw the start of British # 8216 ; Racing Green # 8217 ; laterality with the 1957 Grand Prix having no less than eight autos featuring the coloring material and a British victor in Stirling Moss # 8211 ; one of many stars of the past, who you are still likely to happen viing in the UK at major historic events at circuits like Silverstone and Goodwood. Since so Britain has systematically produced expansive prix victors and universe title-holders including Graham Hill, James Hunt, Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill. F1 presently sees stars such as David Coulthard and Eddie Irvine winging the British flag, while the long-run hereafter lies with Jenson Button. Hailed as the greatest endowment since the outgrowth of Michael Schumacher, Button is heatedly tipped as a title-holder in the devising and you can catch him on-track in July at Silverstone # 8217 ; s Grand Prix. Britain is besides the place to many of the universe # 8217 ; s top racing squads, with McLaren, Williams, Jaguar and Jordan among the large F1 names. Equally far as circuits go, there are high quality classs all over Britain. Silverstone is home to the British Grand Prix and every twelvemonth over 100, 000 dedicated partisans converge on the Northamptonshire path and bring forth a existent carnival atmosphere. Elsewhere, Donington Park in Derbyshire and Brands Hatch in Kent head the paths hosting the top domestic racing series including the dramatic British Touring Car Championship. Underneath their normal route auto visual aspect, touring autos are track race drivers touting astonishing public presentation. The series makes for explosive screening with spins and clangs platitude. Race meetings take topographic point at some of Britain # 8217 ; s taking locales including Oulton Park in Cheshire, which is renowned for its beautiful scene, and Snetterton in Norfolk. Beat uping became popular in the sixtiess when the iconic Mini was introduced to the athletics and through the 60s the Mini Cooper came to be a dominant force in the athletics. Modern rallying in the UK is really competitory and Britain # 8217 ; s leg of the World Rally Championship is one of the toughest in the universe thanks to the proving Welsh forest paths it mostly uses and the mutable November conditions. However the extended witness sing musca volitanss in the bosom of the countryside make it one of the most exciting and gratifying athleticss to watch. As in F1, Britain has produced top mass meeting drivers, with the 1995 World Champion Colin McRae and Richard Burns among the universe # 8217 ; s best. Elsewhere, the British Formula 3 title is regarded as the top junior title in the universe. World Champions Ayrton Senna, and Mika Hakkinen cut their dentitions in the conservatory ambiance of the British F3 Championship. Senna moved into F1 straight from F3 and so did the athletics # 8217 ; s latest esthesis Jenson Button, who could be seen larning his trade at paths all round the UK every bit late as 2004. You truly can descry the stars of the hereafter on a visit to Oulton Park or Snetterton. 2006 proverb for the first clip in over 20 old ages a British unit of ammunition of the US CART ( Championship Automobile Racing Teams ) series at the freshly built Rockingham locale in Northamptonshire. This rival to F1 hadn # 8217 ; t been seen in the UK since the 1970s and its dramatic blend of extremist high ( 200mph-plus ) norm velocities and frequent catching on a banked egg-shaped path adds even more assortment to a packed calendar. Motorcycle racing is besides a large draw in Britain with involvement turning due to the success of the four-times World Superbike Champion Carl Fogarty. You can see the difficult work forces of the WSB at both Brands Hatch and Donington Park, while Donington besides hosts the British Grand Prix # 8211 ; the UK unit of ammunition of the 500cc, 250cc and 125cc World Championships. Other athleticss In the metropolis that produced Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean # 8211 ; British Olympic ice dance title-holders # 8211 ; is the National Ice Centre in Nottingham. This multipurpose locale situated in the bosom of Nottingham s hustling metropolis Centre is the coolest topographic point to watch athleticss and concerts in the East Midlands. With two Olympic size ice tablets, the NIC is home to the fearless Nottingham Panthers ice hockey squad, the preparation land of the Great Britain speed skating squad and the national Centre of excellence for skating. Public skating Sessionss run daily, doing the NIC s installations accessible for all ages and abilities. Decision There is a broad assortment of athleticss in Britain today, and more people take portion in athleticss today than earlier, both because there are more clean installations and leisure centres and because people are more cognizant of the importance of exercising for their wellness. The most popular athletics for people to take portion in is walking. Billiardss, snooker and darts are the following most popular for work forces, followed by swimming and football. Swiming comes 2nd among adult females, followed by keep-fit categories. In the state fishing is the most popular athletics. Billards snooker and darts are besides much played at the trim clip at the saloon. A existent saloon must hold a billiard tabular array and a dart home base is an old expression for the British. These and the many other athleticss reflect the diverseness of involvements in British life: Rugby, cricket, golf, tennis, greyhound and Equus caballus racing, Polo, runing, siting, hiting, hockey, bowls, sports, sailing, mountain climbing, ice athleticss, auto and bike racing and mass meeting drive. Some are spectator athleticss, in others people participate. Other grounds that English people are so interested in athletics non merely watching but besides chairing for their favourite squad in assorted featuring events. Siting at the saloon imbibing a pint with your friends while your squad is winning at a Television screen is one of many grounds that athletics is so dispersed outthought the state. Literature 1. MacAndrew R. Window on Britain: Video Guide. # 8211 ; 3rd impr. # 8211 ; Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004. 2. Nolasco R. , Medgyes P. When in Britain: Intermediate. # 8211 ; 4th erectile dysfunction. # 8211 ; Oxford etc. : Oxford Univ. Press, 1994. 3. Sheerin S. et Al. Spotlight on Britain/S. Sheerin, J. Seath, G. White. # 8211 ; 7th erectile dysfunction. # 8211 ; Oxford etc. : Oxford Univ. Press, 1995. 4. Taylor D. Mastering. Economic and Social History/ D. Taylor. # 8211 ; London: Macmillan, 2003. 5. Beenstock M. The World Economy in Transition. -2nd erectile dysfunction. # 8211 ; London: George Allen and Unwin, 1984. 6. Cox A. Privatisation and Supply Chain Management: On the Effective Alignment of Purchasing and Supply after Privatisation/ A. Cox, L. Harris, D. Parker. # 8211 ; London etc. : Routledge, 2004. 7. Boswell T. Why clip begins on opening day= # 1055 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1100 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1082 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; . # 8211 ; London etc. : Penguin book, 1985. 8. Maki D.P. , Thompson M. Finite Mathematics. # 8211 ; 2nd erectile dysfunction. # 8211 ; New York: McGraw-Hill Book, 1983. 9. Golf Great Britain and Ireland by Contemporary Books. 2008. 10.Golf Great Britain and Ireland: A Traveler s Guide to More, May 2, 2005. Reviewer: Mark E. Haas from Houston, Texas. 11.An absolute must if you are be aftering your ain UK golf trip, April 18, 2004. 12.A must-have for golfing travel to the British isles, October 23, 1997. 13. # 1041 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1048 ; . # 1048 ; . # 1044 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1040 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; / # 1048 ; . # 1048 ; . # 1041 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; . # 8211 ; # 1057 ; # 1055 ; # 1073 ; . : # 1041 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; , 2006. 14.Thomas P. Images of Devon.-Tiverton: Halsgrove, 2004. 15.Nolasco R. , Medgyes P. When in Britain: Intermediate.-6th erectile dysfunction. # 8211 ; Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997. 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A Brief History of the Country of Morocco

A Brief History of the Country of Morocco In the Classical Antiquity era, Morocco experienced waves of invaders included Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines, but with the arrival of Islam, Morocco developed independent states that kept powerful invaders at bay. Berber Dynasties In 702 the Berbers submitted to the armies of Islam and adopted Islam. The first Moroccan states formed during these years, but many were still ruled by outsiders, some of whom were part of the Umayyad Caliphate that controlled most of northern Africa c. 700 CE. In 1056, a Berber empire arose however, under the Almoravid Dynasty, and for the next five hundred years Morocco was governed by Berber dynasties:  the Almoravids (from 1056), Almohads (from 1174), Marinid (from 1296), and Wattasid (from 1465). It was during the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties that Morocco controlled much of North Africa, Spain, and Portugal. In 1238, the Almohad lost control of  the Muslim portion of Spain and Portugal, known then as al-Andalus. The Marinid dynasty attempted to regain it, but never succeeded. Revival of Moroccan Power In the mid-1500s, a powerful state again arose in Morocco, under the leadership of the Saadi dynasty that had taken over southern Morocco in the early 1500s. The Saadi defeated the Wattasid in 1554, and then succeeded in holding off incursions by both the Portuguese and Ottoman Empires. In 1603 a succession dispute led to a period of unrest that did not end until 1671 with the formation of the Awalite Dynasty, which still governs Morocco to this day. During the unrest, Portugal had again gained a foothold in Morocco but was again thrown out by the new leaders. European Colonization By the mid 1800s, at a time when the influence of the Ottoman Empire was in decline, France and Spain began taking a great interest in Morocco. The Algeciras Conference (1906) that followed the First Moroccan Crisis formalized Frances special interest in the region (opposed by Germany), and the Treaty of Fez (1912) made Morocco a French protectorate. Spain gained authority over Ifni (to the south) and Tà ©touan to the north. In the 1920s the Rif Berbers of Morocco, under the leadership of Muhammad Abd el-Krim, rebelled against French and Spanish authority. The short lived Rif republic was crushed by a joint French/Spanish task force in 1926. Independence In 1953 France deposed the nationalist leader and sultan Mohammed V ibn Yusuf, but both nationalist and religious groups called for his return.  France capitulated, and Mohammed V returned in 1955. On the second of March in 1956, French Morocco gained independence. Spanish Morocco, except for the two enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, gained independence in April of 1956. Mohammed V was succeeded by his son, Hasan II ibn Mohammed, upon his death in 1961. Morocco became a constitutional monarchy in 1977. When Hassan II died in 1999 he was succeeded by his thirty-five year old son, Mohammed VI ibn al-Hassan. Dispute over Western Sahara When Spain withdrew from the Spanish Sahara in 1976, Morocco claimed sovereignty in the north. The Spanish portions to the south, known as Western Sahara, were supposed to become independent, but Morocco occupied the region in the Green March. Initially, Morocco divided the territory with Mauritania, but when Mauritania withdrew in 1979, Morocco claimed the whole. The status of the territory is a deeply contentious issue, with many international bodies like the United Nations recognizing it as a non-self-governing territory called the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Revised and Expanded by Angela Thompsell Sources: Clancy-Smith, Julia Anne, North Africa, Islam, and the Mediterranean world: from the Almoravids to the Algerian War. (2001). MINURSO Background, United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. (Accessed 18 June 2015).

Transformational Leadership Essay Essay Example

Transformational Leadership Essay Essay Example Transformational Leadership Essay Paper Transformational Leadership Essay Paper Transformational leading. as a construct. has been present and used with leaders all over the universe as far back as history records. This manner of leading has been cardinal to several leading techniques. research articles. and books for an drawn-out history. Transformational leading developed as a vocabulary term when it was foremost introduced by James MacGregor Burns in his book. Leadership ( Burns. 1978 ) . Burns compares the relationship between the leader and the followings with the footings transformational or transactional ( Burns. 1978 ) . Harmonizing to Burns. in a transformational leading relationship. the leader raises the motive of the followings and this consequences in animating and elating the relationship in order to carry through a common end ( Burns. 1978 ) . Burns compares the transformational leader with what he calls the transactional leader. The footings that are factual about a transactional leader are the opposite compared to transformational leaders in man y ways. Burns ( 1978 ) . points out that the biggest differences between the two types of leader features are the intent of the relationship between the leader and followings and the intent of the leaders function and petitions. Transformational leading consequences with both parties heightening their motivational focal point and desires to carry through common ends ; transactional leading. on the other manus. consequences in a dealing comprised of a petition or demand from the important power and ends when the dealing has been complete by the worker. Throughout the old ages. transformational leading has been revised and revamped with research. Pielstick lists seven major subjects that have been consistent in depicting the undertakings that transformational leaders attempt to carry through: â€Å"creating a shared vision. pass oning it. constructing relationships. developing a civilization. steering execution. exhibiting character. and accomplishing consequences ( Pielstick. 1998. p. 1 ) . Leaderships can travel from a dealing leading function to a transmutation leading function by being magnetic to followings in order to animate. run into the emotional demandsof the followings. or â€Å"they may intellectually excite employees† ( Bass. 1990. p. 21 ) . In their book Transformational Leaders ( 2007 ) . Bass and Riggio make the claim that an person does non hold to be at the top of a concern in order to be a transformational leader. These writers province that â€Å"leadership can happen at all degrees and by any individual† ( Bass A ; Riggio. 2007. p. 2 ) and this is the nucleus to transformational leaders. Transformational leaders. lead others to carry through more than what was originally expected and typically beyond what was original idea possible ( Bass A ; Riggio. 2007 ) . This is possible because the leader pays attending to the demands of persons. trains the people below them to go leaders themselves. and empowers each individual along the manner ( Bass A ; Riggio. 2007 ) . As Antonakis combines the footings transformational and magnetic and uses the two footings interchangeably ( 2011 ) Bass and Riggio province that â€Å"charisma is merely portion of transformational leading ( 2007. p. 5 ) . Many research workers have debated whether transformational leaders must be leaders that produce positive alteration or whether leaders that produce alteration for destructive intents. for illustration Hitler. are besides considered transformational leaders. Bass and Riggio ( 2007 ) clear up that for the intents of their book a transformational leader is one that brings about alteration that is positive and completed for unselfish grounds. The MLQ. multifactor leading questionnaire. was foremost published by Dr. Bernard Bass and is considered the benchmark step of transformational leading. This MLQ step has been revised over the old ages and now comes in a short or long version ( MLQ International. 2008 ) . The constituents that comprise a transformational leader can be scored by utilizing the MLQ tool. Each of the inquiries from this tool refers to one of four constituents of transformational leading: Idealized influence. inspirational motive. rational stimulation. and individualised consideration ( Mindgarden ) . Idealized influence is evident when leaders are function theoretical accounts for their followings ( Bass A ; Riggio. 2007 ) . Transformational leaders show features that align with inspirational motive by supplying significance and challenge that consequence in motivation and animating those around them ( Bass A ; Riggio. 2007 ) . Transformational leaders stimulate the intelligence of their followings by â€Å"questioning premises. reframing jobs. and nearing old state of affairss in new ways ( Bass A ; Riggio. 2007. p. 7 ) . The 4th constituent. single consideration. is represented by transformational leaders when they act as managers or wise mans to their followings by supplying the information and arrangement that is needed on an single degree ( Bass A ; Riggio. 2007 ) . DenHartog A ; Koopman convey up the point that â€Å"transformational leading can be viewed as a particular instance of transactional leading. in every bit much as both attacks are linked to the accomplishment of some end or nonsubjective ( DenHartog A ; Koopman. 2011. p. 176 ) . Den Hartog and Koopman ( 2011 ) . supply a tabular array. Table 9. 2 Trends in Leadership Theory and Research ( p. 168 ) that gives the historical position of leading theories with a brief description of each. The ‘trait’ attack was considered to hold a period of clip up to the late 1940’s and is characterized by the impression that â€Å"leaders are born† and â€Å"leadership is an unconditioned ability ( DenHartog A ; Koopman. 2011. p. 168 ) . This belief is that leading is a trait that you are either born with or without ; it can non be taught or developed in others. The ‘style’ attack has a day of the month scope from the late 1940’s to the late 1960â⠂¬â„¢s and demonstrates traits that emphasize â€Å"effectiveness has to make with how the leader behaves ( DenHartog A ; Koopman. 2011. p. 168 ) . From the 1960’s to the 1990’s the tendency was based on the eventuality attack ; â€Å"the effectivity of leading is affected by the situation/context ( DenHartog A ; Koopman. 2011. p. 168 ) . The last attack listed on the tabular array is the New Leadership attack which includes magnetic and transformational leading manners. New leading provinces that leaders â€Å"need vision and inspire trueness and emotional fond regard ( DenHartog A ; Koopman. 2011. p. 168 ) . During this last phase. new leading. leaders were now described as leaders as opposed to directors. This last phase is opposite to the first in that this leading trait is non something you are needfully born with. yet it can be something that is taught. William Brown and Douglas May wanted to research the effects of transformational leading preparation to find if traits that align with this leading manner can be taught and consequence in a positive result. In their research. The efficaciousness of transfo rmational leading preparation. one of the three major findings was that â€Å"an intensive twelvemonth long transformational leading development and preparation plan resulted in important additions in contingent wages and transformational leading behaviours among first-line supervisors† ( May A ; Brown. 2012 ) . John Antonakis combines the footings transformational leader and magnetic leader in chapter 8 of the book The Nature of Leadership ( 2011 ) . Throughout the chapter. Antonakis compares several different researchers’ positions and theories as they relate to these types of leading traits. Anonakis. nevertheless. brings a different challenge to the thought that transformational and magnetic leading traits are the existent causes that can convey approximately positive alteration in the people surrounded by the leaders that have these traits. He does non disregard the fact that these traits could convey about the alterations seen ; nevertheless. he calls for research workers to carry on longitudinal surveies which â€Å"establishes that transformational leaders have the ability to really transform persons and organizations† ( Day A ; Antonakis. 2011. p. 280 ) . He so challenges research workers to happen the â€Å"empirical evidence† necessary in order to do the dire ct connexion between specific transformational leading traits and positive additions ( Day A ; Antonakis. 2011. p. 280 ) . Not all research workers are roll uping information that reveals positive consequences stemming from transformational leaders in topographic point. Kotlyar and Karakowsky ( 2007 ) propose that transformational leading traits have a possible nexus to heightening dysfunctional squad struggle ( Kotlyar A ; Karakowsky. 2007 ) . Boerner and Eisenbeiss ( 2008 ) . research to happen the consequence of transformational leading manners on worker dependence and creativeness. Their research suggests that though many positive consequences are yielded when a leader has transformational leading traits. there are besides negative effects that follow. Initially the creativeness from workers will increase every bit good as the over dependence workers have on leaders with transformational leading traits ( Boerner A ; Eisenbeiss. 2008 ) . This dependence so leads to a diminution in worker creativeness harmonizing to their research ( Boerner A ; Eisnbeiss. 2008 ) . In decision. transformational leading traits and manners are critical facets that are a portion of successful leaders. Further research is needed in this field in order to give this country the cogency needed to show a strong instance. Further research is besides needed to set up any connexions between transformational leading qualities and any possible negative results over drawn-out periods of clip. MentionsBass. B. M. ( 1990 ) . From transactional to transformational leading: Learning to portion the vision. Organizational Dynamics. Elsevier Science Publishing. Inc. 18 ( 3 ) . 19-31 Bass. B. M. A ; Riggio. R. E. ( 2007 ) . Transformational leading ( 2nd erectile dysfunction ) . Taylor A ; Francis. Boerner. S. A ; Eisenbiess. S. A. ( 2011 ) . A double-edged blade: Transformational leading and single creativeness. British Journal of Management. 24 ( 1 ) 54-68 Burns. J. M. ( 1978 ) . Leadership. New York. Harper A ; Row. Onursal Arkan. Day. D. V. and Antonakis. J. ( 2011 ) . The nature of leading: Chapter 8 transformational and magnetic leading. ( 2nd ed. ) Sage Publications. Inc Den Hartog. D. and Koopman. P. ( 2011 ) . Leadership in organisations. Handbook of Industrial. Work A ; Organizational Psychology. 2. Kotlyar. I. . A ; Karakowsky. L. ( 2007 ) . Falling over ourselves to follow the leader. Journal of Leadership A ; Organizational Studies. 14 ( 1 ) 38-49 May. D. A ; Brown. W. ( 2012 ) . The efficaciousness of transformational leading preparation. Journal of Management Development. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 31 ( 6 ) 520-536 Mindgarden. Transformational leading. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mindgarden. com/translead. htm MLQ International ( 2008 ) . Melbourne. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mlq. com. au/index. asp Pielstick. C. D. ( 1998 ) . The transforming leader: A meta-ethnographic analysis. Community College Review. 26 ( 3 ) . 15-34

Rentier state theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rentier state theory - Essay Example Monopolies- overreliance on external rent always comes at a cost. The fact that these parties involved may have in abundance the resources they engage in this kind of rent acquisition in itself may lead to adverse influence on the business behavior. This may lead to monopolization of the market since these resources are highly valued. The aspect of monopoly sets in when a nation enters a trade pact with your nation thus wanting to dictate the terms of trade. They may opt to be the only supplier of the resource thus monopolizing the economy. Trading restrictions- since the states involved are rich in certain highly valuable resources, they may decide to impose the terms of trade and even putting up some restriction measures to ensure they remain dominant. They restrict a party involved from engaging commercially with other nations. Solicitation of aids- States involved in rentierism may engage in a mutually benefiting way. They may engage in giving aids in order to get some political influence in that particular region or over the nation. This is majorly common with the United States who subsidizes project of other nations in exchange for influence. This may impact the business behavior by influencing its

Graduate Accounting Capstone - Accounting and Audit Enforcement Research Paper

Graduate Accounting Capstone - Accounting and Audit Enforcement - Research Paper Example It provides high level of care to the patients for recovery from conditions like stroke, orthopaedic and neurological disorders, brain injury, spinal cord injury, cardiac and pulmonary conditions. HealthSouth Corporation was found to be involved in corporate accounting scandal. The Founder, who was also the Chairman and CEO of the company, was accused of influencing the employees to manipulate the figures in the financial statement and exaggerate the earnings for meeting the expectations of the stockholders. He was the first executive to be caught in the Sarbanes Oxley Act for manipulating the financial returns of the company (Will, Handelman, & Brotherton, 2012). Richard M. Scrushy was accused of conspiracy, money laundering charges, securities fraud and charges of overstating the company’s earnings by approximately $ 3 billion (Forbes, 2013). The federal investigators stated that the company intentionally overstated the earnings in the financial statement for meeting the est imates of the analysts. At the same time the company had to make efforts to hide the accounting fraud attempt from auditors. Now, the question that was raised was whether the auditors failed in finding the fraud activity or they overlooked the company’s fraud. SOX Regulations in Public Healthcare Organizations There are strict regulations imposed by the SOX Act on the public companies (Greene, 2009). It includes: Creation of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board for overseeing the entire process of accounting of the organizations. Limitation in the types of services that will be provided by the accounting firms to the public companies (clients). Increase in the disclosure requirements for the public companies. Requirement of top executives in the public companies who will take the responsibility of all the contents in the financial statements. Requirement of excellent analysts for disclosing the probable conflicts of interest. Added rigorous punishments for various misdee ds and frauds. These provisions have been imposed to public companies for controlling the regulations of corporate governance and business ethics. This will prohibit them from violating the GAAP rules and manipulating the financial statements of the companies for their own benefit. SOX Regulations in For-Profit and Not-For-Profit Healthcare Organizations There has been increase in the scrutiny for both for-profit as well as not-for-profit organizations by the regulators, donors, bondholders and the rest of the external stakeholders. It is because there have been an increased suspicion among the investors and other external stakeholders about the proper maintenance of corporate governance and business ethics in the healthcare organizations. It has been found that for Not-For-Profit companies including the hospitals as well as other different healthcare organizations, there have not been very strict disclosure requirements as mandated in case of the public For-Profit organizations. Th is is a problem faced by the bondholders, investors and other stakeholders who want to judge the quality of corporate governance and management in these Not-For-Profit organiz

The Socioeconomic Background of Kuwait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Socioeconomic Background of Kuwait - Essay Example Kuwait's official language is Arabic, but English is widely spoken. The Kuwaiti Dinnar (KD) is the official currency, and it is further divided into 1,000 Fils. The average exchange rate is 0.3KD:$1.00US. Kuwait is an Islamic country. Most of her citizens worship in mosques around the country and follow the principles of Islam which also provides a legal foundation for the country. Kuwait adopted a democratic constitution in 1962 that guarantees freedom of liberty, speech, press, and worship. Kuwait is governed by an emir of the al-Sabah dynasty and a fifty-member National Assembly. The National Assembly holds much of the power and has played a critical role in the political, economic and social development of Kuwait. Much of Kuwait's importance derives from its geographical location as the gateway to the Arabian peninsula. Linking the desert and the ocean, its strategic position has led to Kuwait's development as a significant trading center. At the beginning of the 1700s, immigrants from Saudi Arabia came to the area that is now Kuwait. They settled in small villages and at that time only a few thousand people lived there. They took advantage of Kuwait's strategic location and began trading goods. In 1756, the leader of the al-Sabah family became the first Emir of Kuwait, and his ancestors have ruled continuously to the present day; the current Emir is sheik Sabah al-Sabah, the thirteenth in the line. Kuwait continued to grow as a commercial center in part because of political turmoil and war between Persia and the Ottoman Empire. This caused a number of trading families to relocate, and these families played anbig role in the commercial development of Kuwait (Alsabah 1980). England's East India Company also fled the instability in Basra, Iraq and set up a new headquarters in Kuwait to act as a terminal and staging area for goods from east India to England. In 1875, the Suez Canal opened, and the East India Company left Kuwait, but by then, the country had grown and developed. The economy had also diversified somewhat. Pearl diving, fishing, and sea transportation became the foundation of the Kuwait economy. Small family-run businesses carried out these activities without large amounts of working capital; income on a per capital basis was low. The most important industry was pearling which was the economic base of Kuwait and the entire Arabian Gulf. Pearls were exchanged for primary products and consumer goods from India and Bahrain. Pearling employed the most people and also contributed the most to the economy. For example in 1920, 25% of the population was employed in pearling (Al-Fraih, 1993). The industry declined in the 1930s when Japanese pearls overtook the world market. Kuwait's strategic location was also conducive to seafaring and trade. Kuwaiti vessels plied the entire Indian Ocean carrying passengers and cargo among Iraq, India, and the east coast of India. One of the principle commodities was date; they were loaded in Basra Iraq and traded throughout the Arabian Gulf and India. Of course to carry out this trade and collect pearls, the Kuwaitis became excellent boat builders. Indeed, Kuwait became the boat-building hub for the entire Gulf. Woods for construction was imported from the coast of Africa and south Asia. Fishing -- another related activity -

Company overview and market analysis for Audi

Company overview and market analysis for Audi Audi, this Germany brand was found by August Horch in 1899. Since this motor company established, Audi has been designing and manufacturing Audi cars in innovation and future conception. Today, Audi has became one of the three German super automobile manufacturers which producing the full range models, from economical, sport, luxury and sport utility vehicle. In the latest Audi annual report, the total revenue has reached to 29.8 billion euros with profits 1.35 billion euros by the end of 2009. What is more, Audis sales have increased significantly from 653,000 to 1,003,000 between 2000 and 2008, especially in the Middle East market and Chinese market. For example, Chinese government has agreed to purchase Audi car for officials in long term. Furthermore, Audi just launched the new supermini A1, the four door coupe A7 and the new generation flagship A8. In this essay, argument will be made that this German producer how to remain competitiveness under this changing environment. Audi C ompany and Audis P.E.S.T.E.L analysis will be covered by this German strong brand. A8 Revolution To compete against with the other two German brands Mercedes and BMW in the upscale markets, Audi has introduced the flagship model A8 in 1994. With the first vehicle using aluminum space frame technology and luxurious equipment, A8 gained considerable market share in the global executive luxury car field. The second generation of A8 launched in the end of 2002, Audis engineers met the development trend of automobile, taking a brand new A8 with new engine technology and longer wheelbase to customers. The successful sales of Audi A8 did not discontinue, Audi aims to be the number one in selling luxury car with introducing the third generation A8 in 2010. Audi has been designing and producing A8 for 16 years, the experience for making luxury car is a great treasure in this German automaker. P.E.S.T.E.L. Analysis Political Since the last century, Germany is famous for making cars, such as, Mercedes, Audi and BMW; Porsche and Volkswagen. German government also encourages these motor producers showing the Germany made car to the customers from all over the world. Audi set the headquarters in Ingolstadt and have a strong human resource with over 60,000 staff from different nationality. With the Audis global strategy implementation, this German auto manufacturer has established several large plants in different countries. Hungary and China are good examples. Economic In 2008, the global economy recession spread over the world. Fortunately, the global economy is being recovery from the end of 2009, even though some countries are still facing credit crunch, such as Ireland; but most governments from different countries had confidence to making peoples life better. For example, in Germany, government spent billions supporting and encouraging German families to purchase; in UK, government also gave benefits, which means people get extra ¿Ã‚ ¡2,000 from the current car with more than 10 year life time when exchanging a new car in a dealer. According to the Audi statistics, sales of new car have increased sharply from 2009 to 2010 in the European and North American markets. What is more, Middle East and China are still the large demand group; For example, Audi has delivered 108,000 cars to China in the first three months, compared with the total sells 705,000 cars at the same period. Social Audi is a large car manufacturer in the world, the social impact is inevitable, this German giant owns over 60,000 staff in the world, and which means Audi support more than 60,000 families every year. In this aspect, Audi has been improving the workshop condition to satisfy employees, and Audi also offer successes of creating exceptional cars when employees join the group. Manufacturing perfect cars needs large quantity qualified material, Audi have established several partnership with suppliers. Due to the economy recession, consumers are willing to choose the fuel efficiency car instead of buying the big engine SUV; Audi remained the price for customer, but added more technology into the car. Technological Technology development is the key feature of Audi Company; Audi is best known of its permanent four wheel drive system, called QUATTRO. Today, Quattro is widely used in most Audi model, and offering drivers more safety and pleasure in any situations. In China, the heavy snow spread over the southern part at the winter of 2008, compared with Audis successful performance on snowy road, the competitor Mercedes realized it is the right time to fit the four wheel drive system into saloon and sport car. In comfort aspect, Audi introduced air adapted suspension; this equipment could adjust suspension in order to achieve best performance on different road condition. In 2010, the new Audi A8 is equipped with the 8 speed transmission which offers the soft and quick acceleration in order to achieve fuel efficiency. Audi also cooperated with Italian super car Lamborghini to achieve sport value. For example, the S8 and RS model are equipped with Lamborghinis engine and transmission system. Environmental Audi paid more attention in corporate social responsibility .It is inevitable for Audi not polluting the environment, because it is a manufacturer. Audi promises to minimize the environmental impacts. In these 20 years, Audi spent billions in researching the efficiency engine; the new generation engine means more horsepower but little emissions. For example, the new TDI diesel engine has already meet the future European 5 emission standard. Furthermore, Audi announced car emissions will be cut further 20% by 2012. That is how this German maker leads the environmental car market. Legal Germany government set a group of legislation in order to protect road users safety and environment. Crash standard and European car emission limits are good examples. 4. A8: The upscale target market Audis flagship A8 L W12 takes driving to a whole new level of luxury. This is true, even though car makers and customers are paying more attention in fuel efficiency car markets on todays environmental condition, but every famous brand is still proud of their flagship, like Birkin handbag of Hermes. Flying used to be a pleasurable experience for most businessmen, especially for the fist class ticket. Cars can not fly, but Audis engineer made the dream become true. The new generation A8 providing exceptional and efficient luxury transport for passengers. A8 means technology, comfort and luxury, especially from Germany. Audis most important features, aluminium body depends on Audi Space Frame, permanent four-wheel drive Quattro and air adaptive suspension. Since the first A8 was produced in 1994, A8 has firmly established Audi name in the luxury car market. According to the research, over half of luxury cars are produced by the German super three, almost 300,000 luxury cars delivered to customers worldwide each year; in addition, around 70% of these luxury saloon are sold to outside west Europe, especially for North American market and Middle East. The luxury car market was not influenced by the economic recession; the demand for luxury cars has increased for many years, especially for the new arrivals. Audi gained highly reputation from A8s loyalty customers in these years from all over the world, due to the changing group of luxury car buyers, the percentage of 30 to 40 years olds buyers increased sharply in this ten years. Audi are also willing to these potential buyers. Changing Ages is an important factor for luxury car segmentation; emotional factor could also influence customers decision. For example, luxury car is a symbol for peoples status orientation; what is more, the luxury car always understands the fashion, trend and design. Audi A8 is the best choice for the experienced loyalty buyers and potential group customers. Overall, this new generation flagship will take more market share to Audi in the luxury market. Recommendations The 21st century is also a technology era; Audi should continue spending billions and billions in innovation in order to achieve the mass markets. Secondly, climate change is a key issue in todays world; Audi should pay more attention to social responsibility. Cutting emissions and materials recycling are good examples. Thirdly, due to the large increase demands from Asian market, Audi should enlarge its volume to satisfy this potential region, especially for the tier 2 and tier 3 cities of these countries. At last, the advertisement campaign is more and more important for car companies, Audi should design different type visual advertisement for marketing. In my personal experience, sitting in a silver Audi car with bright red from dashboard, just illustrate the meaning of an Audi car: machine with blood. Conclusions With 100 years experiences constructing motor machines, Audi became one of the most famous car manufacturer brands in the world. Audi car is illustrated by design, safety, comfort and sport. What is more, this German automaker giant achieved large market share and highly reputation from the whole world; Audi also established the products portfolio in order to meet different customers needs. For example, A4 and A6 are popular in the European market; the sales of large SUV Q7 and luxury A8 achieved considerable performance in the North American market. Furthermore, due to the scarce of resources and climate change, Audi realized it is important to decrease the environmental impacts during the operation. Like the new generation of Audis flagship A8, taking Audi to a new level of luxury; Audi company will take transportation into a new milestone.

Rape in Romanesque Art Essay -- Art

The Rape of Ganymede capital in San Madeleine in Và ©zelay is a depiction of the story of the rape or abduction of Ganymede. On its front face the capital features an eagle holding the young shepherd boy, Ganymede, in its mouth. Ganymede is being held upside down helplessly with a look of terror on his face. On the left are two adults holding their heads and staring helplessly at the eagle taking the boy. On the right side is a demon looking out at the viewer sticking its tongue out in happiness, as if to taunt us. In the eagle’s talons is a dog, which looks like a hyena, baring its teeth. The capital depicts a story from Aeniad, where Jupiter becomes infatuated with the handsome shepherd boy, Ganymede, and according to his version of the story, sends an eagle down to abduct the boy. Ganymede then serves as Jupiter’s cupbearer, and this evokes jealousy from Juno, thus incurring her wrath which is supposedly one of the factors that begins the Trojan War. Virgil’s version of the story is similar, but includes the visual element of the barking dog and the guardians on the side, unable to aid the boy. Both story versions come from Antiquity. As I began analyzing this capital, it took me a while to get a grasp on what was going on. There is a lot of content crammed into a small space on this capital. All the figures are oversized and in extremely close proximity to one another. I noticed the caricature-like portrayal of the figures. This seems to be the case in all the capitals at Và ©zelay. I was particularly interested in the facial expressions. The face of Ganymede is filled with dear and confusion as he hangs upside down. The dog looks frightening and angry, but it is unclear to me if he is sided with Jupiter’s eagle or if he is... ... Meaning on a Capital Representing the Fall of Man.† Tradito 55 (2000): 105-123. Forsyth, Ilene H. â€Å"The Ganymede Capital at Và ©zelay.† Gesta 15, No. 1/2. Essays in Honor of Sumner McKnight Crosby. (1976): 241-246. Kolve, V. A. â€Å"Ganymede/Son of Getron: Medieval Monasticism and the Drama of Same-Sex Desire.† Speculum 73, No. 4 (1998): 1014-1067. Mills, Robert. â€Å"Gender, Sodomy, Friendship, and the Medieval Anchorhold.† Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 36, No. 1 (2010): 1-27. Quinn, Patricia A. Better Than the Sons of Kings: Boys and Monks in the Early Middle Ages. (New York, 1988) Van Buren, Anne H. Review of Ganymed: Studien zur Typologie, Ikonographie und Ikonologie by Gerda Kempter. Speculum 57, No. 3 (1982): 624-625. Wolfthal, Diane. â€Å" ‘A Hue and a Cry’: Medieval Rape Imagery and Its Transformation.† The Art Bulletin 75, No. 1 (1993): 39-64.

The Meteor as a Symbol in the Scarlet Letter

The Meteor that Dimmesdale sees in Chapter 12 of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter is an important symbol. As the minister watches the night sky, together with Hester and Pearl, a meteor appears that traces out an „Aâ€Å". While most of the people think that the „Aâ€Å" stands for „Angelâ€Å" and is showing that Governor Winthrop is gone and it marks his the entry to heaven, which will be proofed later on, but Dimmesdale, on the other hand, interprets it differently. Him hiding his sins and „cover his heart with his handâ€Å", the „Aâ€Å" reminds him of Hester‘s Scarlet Letter. He thinks, it is a sign for him to wear the mark of shame too, so as Hester does. Seeing that God is trying to show his sins to the public, what he does not want, even through he is dying of that. The minister only will find peace by telling and confessing his sin and accepting it finally, to what he is not able to do until the end of the book. This symbol shows us that there is more than one way to interpret things, like the Puritan way, who think of messages from God, typical warnings and bad things that will happen to them affecting their community. Dimmesdale only thinks about himself and the issue he has, he only interprets the meteor his way and no other, the symbol helped pushing him forward to finally built up the courage, he so badly needs to confess in front of the townspeople.

Thorn Queen Chapter Four

We left as soon as etiquette said we could. I tried using Shaya's argument about eccentric queens doing whatever they wanted, but it didn't work on her. She said if we didn't stay a certain amount of time, I'd appear intimidated by Maiwenn. So, we stuck around a bit longer than I liked before finally making formal farewells to the others. Kiyo was preoccupied with a group of well-wishers, but he looked up at my departure and smiled. He mouthed the word soon. My group rode back in a subdued mood. The urgency was gone, and I think my glum attitude threw a cloud over everyone. Seeing Maiwenn and Kiyo had bothered me more than I liked to admit, and Dorian†¦well, that was another story. For now, I wanted nothing more than to cross over to my own world, throw on pajamas, and watch mindless TV. Possibly while eating ice cream. And as our journey continued, ice cream sounded more and more appealing once we crossed back into the Thorn Land. The sun was sinking, but heat still radiated off the sand and rocks. It wouldn't dissipate for another couple hours, and even at midnight, the temperature probably wouldn't drop below seventy. I'd changed back to my shorts and sunglasses before leaving Maiwenn's, so again, the heat didn't bother me as much as it did the others. Dorian had claimed my sundress would catch on as a fashion trend; I wondered if shorts would as well. â€Å"There's a village ahead,† murmured Rurik. I snapped out of my daydreams and followed his gesture. Sure enough, a small cluster of buildings darkened the horizon. Like my castle, it was something more suited to a medieval British landscape than the desert. Considering how infrequently I visited my kingdom, this was the first settlement I'd seen outside of the castle. It unnerved me a little, my discomfort growing when I saw that our road went straight through the town. Damned twisting Otherworld. This village hadn't been here on our earlier trip. And for that reason, I knew better than to suggest we go around it. With the way this world worked, a slight deviation could toss us into the Rowan Land or add hours onto our trip. Steeling myself, I tightened my grip on the reins, deciding that this place looked small and wouldn't take long to clear. When we entered its outskirts, though, I discovered something that made me lose my resolve. The road was lined with people. It was like everyone in the town had come out to see us pass through. They stood along the sides, staring at my party and again looking like extras from some medieval movie. Except, it must have been a low-budget movie. The people's clothes were ragged and dirty, their faces gaunt. Everyone seemed too skinny, even the children and babies held in parental arms. My unease grew as we rode deeper into the heart of the village. I hated crowds and having eyes upon me. There was something discomfiting about this particular group. Their expressions were either completely blank or†¦well, terrified. Everything was dead silent. â€Å"What are they scared of?† I whispered to Rurik. He gave me an amused glance. â€Å"You, of course.† â€Å"Me?† I squeaked. Glancing at my attire, I tried to imagine how out of place I looked here. Was my foreignness that frightening? â€Å"You're their queen. Everyone knows how you slaughtered Aeson-and that isn't a particularly heartwarming tale. Likewise, Storm King's legacy of terror lives on after all these years. You've inherited it.† â€Å"So, what, they see me as some kind of tyrant?† He shrugged. â€Å"You're their queen,† he repeated, as though that explained everything. I'd never wanted to be queen. I certainly didn't want to be seen as some kind of despot queen either. I didn't want these eyes upon me, these eyes that all seemed to be filled with apathy, judgment, and a kind of weary defeat. I breathed a sigh of relief when we reached what looked to be the halfway point. All of a sudden, a man stepped in front of us, bringing us to a halt. He was an older gentry, tall and gray-haired. He was skinny and clothed only a little better than the rest, though there was an air of dignity and authority that made him stand out. When he saw he had our attention, he swept me a bow so low, his face nearly touched the dusty road. â€Å"To Eugenie, great queen of the Thorn Land, I offer the most humble greetings of your servant, Davros.† At least, that's what I think he said. He was bent so low that his words came out muffled. I glanced uneasily at the others in my group, unsure what to do. They all remained silent and looked at me expectantly. Oh, sure. They were full of advice back at Maiwenn's, but when it came to peasants groveling in the road? That was apparently all me. â€Å"Please, um, stand up,† I managed at last. â€Å"Um, Davros.† He rose, clasping his hands in front of him, looking totally overwhelmed that I'd used his name. â€Å"Thank you, your majesty. I am the mayor of this village. Words cannot express what an honor it is to have you among us.† Considering what Rurik had just told me about my reputation here, I wasn't entirely sure I believed Davros' words. I forced a smile. â€Å"Thanks. We're just passing through on our way back to the castle.† Davros spread his hands wide. â€Å"I hope, then, that you'll consider resting and taking a brief refreshment in my home.† â€Å"Oh, well, that's really nice, but-â€Å" Shaya cleared her throat loudly. I glanced over at her. She gave me a pointed look that gave no question to what she wanted me to do. Grimacing, I glanced back down at poor, groveling Davros. Damn. I wanted nothing more than to get out of the Otherworld right now. I didn't want to stop for teatime. My expression must have looked scary because Davros blanched and lowered his head meekly. I sighed. â€Å"We'd love to.† Mayor or not, Davros didn't have a very big house. Only Shaya, Rurik, and I joined him inside, while the rest of my party milled around outdoors. From the village, Davros had invited a few other important officials, as well as his wife and two grown sons. We sat at a round oak table while his wife served us red wine and something that reminded me of baklava. I sipped only a little of the wine, not wanting to risk dehydration in this weather. I wasn't much better at making conversation here than at Maiwenn's, but fortunately, there was no need for me to do anything. Davros and his associates kept the talking going, most of the conversation centering on how glad they were that I had come by, what an honor it was to meet me, how they hoped I'd call on them if I needed anything, et cetera, et cetera. Which was why it was a bit shocking when Davros' wife suddenly asked, â€Å"But if you would, your majesty, please tell us what it is we've done to displease you. We'll do anything at all to make amends and gain your favor once more. Anything.† I almost choked on the honey cake. â€Å"What do you mean†¦displease me?† The villagers exchanged glances. â€Å"Well†¦,† said Davros at last. â€Å"There must be something. You've placed a blight on the land, stripping us of our water and food. Surely we've done something to warrant your most righteous displeasure.† â€Å"You need only let us know what it is,† piped in someone else. â€Å"We will do anything you require to lift this curse from us.† This was the most astonishing thing to happen to me all day-which was saying something. I looked at Shaya and Rurik for help, having no clue how to respond to this. For a moment, I thought they would once again make me fend for myself, until Shaya finally spoke. â€Å"The residents had built their lives around the shape of the land when Aeson ruled it, when it was the Alder Land. When it transformed itself to you, their old ways no longer worked. Their crops don't grow in this weather. The wells have run dry.† I stared at her in shock. Never, never had this occurred to me-but then, it wasn't like I'd spent a whole lot of time thinking about the Thorn Land. Most of my energy had been spent on figuring out how to avoid it. Studying Shaya, I wondered how long she'd known about this. I somehow doubted there was much that went on around here that she didn't know about. From the looks of Rurik's averted gaze, it appeared as though he'd known about this problem as well. Both knew how upset I got when forced to deal with any sort of queenly issues. So both had spared me the details while these people suffered. I turned back to Davros. â€Å"It's not a curse†¦it's, I don't know, it's just the way the land is. The way I wanted it to be.† Astonished looks met me, and I could only imagine what a freak I sounded like. When Aeson had ruled, this land had been green and lush, filled with forests and fertile farmland. Who in their right mind would turn it into a desert? Davros confirmed as much. â€Å"But this land†¦this land is impossible to survive in,† he said. â€Å"Not where I come from,† I told him. â€Å"This is like the land I grew up in. People live and flourish there.† People also had modern ways of bringing in water and shopping for whatever other stuff they might need. And that wasn't even taking air-conditioning into account. â€Å"How?† he asked. I didn't know how to readily answer. I didn't really understand the intimate details of my world's infrastructure. I turned a faucet and water came out. I went to the grocery store and bought milk and Pop-Tarts. Desperately, I racked my brain and tried to pull out elementary school lessons about Arizona's history. â€Å"Irrigation,† I said lamely. â€Å"Squash, I think. And, um, corn.† Had the natives grown corn? Or was I getting confused by stereotypes? Shit. I was so ignorant. The only thing I felt confident of was that Pop-Tarts were not cultivated natively in Arizona. The looks the others gave me told me I wasn't helping this situation any. I glanced at Shaya and Rurik, but this time, no help came. The full weight of what I'd done started to sink in. Maybe I hadn't wanted this land. Maybe I hadn't intentionally turned it into a mirror of wild Tucson. The point was: it was done. The Thorn Land was as it was, and taking in these ragged and starving people, I realized it was all my fault. Only, I had no clue how to fix it. I was too much a product of modern innovation. There was nothing I could do. Scratch that. There was one thing I could do. I abruptly stood from the table, catching everyone by surprise. As custom dictated, they all hastily scrambled and rose as well. Without explaining myself, I headed outside, back out into the village. Behind me, I could hear Davros babbling something, apparently thinking they'd again caused offense. They probably thought I was about to send lightning bolts from the sky. As it was, that might not have been a bad idea-if I actually had that power. These people could certainly use rain. But one rainstorm wouldn't fix things, and I could hardly do it day after day. Instead, I walked out to the middle of the street and came to a halt. My guards straightened up, awaiting my orders, and other residents stopped to see what was happening. Those from Davros' gathering soon poured out of the house and joined everyone else. I closed my eyes, opening myself to the world around me. I smelled the clean, fresh scent of the desert and the faint, faint breeze blowing through it. The setting sun warmed my skin. Then, I pushed deeper, reaching out to that which the magic within me instinctively bonded to. I felt the minuscule water vapor in the air, but that wasn't what I wanted. I had to go further. I sent my magical senses into the ground, seeking water throughout the village. None. I remembered what Shaya had said about wells drying up, which meant the surface wasn't going to yield anything. That meant I'd have to go deeper still. There. Back in the direction we'd entered town, I felt a hit. I opened my eyes and strode toward it, the water calling to me. I was vaguely aware of a crowd following me, but I paid them no attention. Only the water was my goal. When I reached the spot, I found that it was just on the town's outer edge. A mesquite tree grew nearby, which should have been a tip-off. They had deep feelers that penetrated the earth in search of moisture. I too sent my power into the ground, trying to summon the water up. There was a lot of dirt between me and it, and I realized it wouldn't do these people any good in the long term to just suck it to the surface right now. I turned around and found Davros right behind me, face anxious. I pointed to the ground. â€Å"You guys need to dig here. Right now. There's water here.† He stared at me, mouth agape. A moment later, he snapped out of it and turned to those nearest him. â€Å"You heard the queen! Fetch shovels immediately. And find anyone who can work with the earth.† Earth magic. A smart idea. Gentry didn't have bulldozers or drills, but they did have people who could throw around huge piles of dirt, which was pretty sweet for this kind of thing. Dorian-who was probably the strongest earth user in the Otherworld-could cause earthquakes and level buildings. In minutes, a group had assembled. I tried to take a shovel and help, but that nearly caused Shaya and Davros to have a heart attack. Queens didn't do that kind of work. Instead, I stepped back, watching as the other villagers used magic and manual labor to dig where I'd indicated. When the hole grew too deep for shovels, the village's two earth-magic users took over. Even combined, they were nowhere near Dorian in strength, but they definitely sped the process along, kicking up towers of dirt along the sides. Finally, I heard a great cheer. Everyone else and I crowded to the hole's sides, peering down. It was deep in the ground, but muddy water was slowly filling up the bottom. I looked at Davros. â€Å"Can you guys turn this into a well?† I certainly hoped so because I sure as hell had no idea how to do it. I imagined it involved stones and a bucket, but maybe that was just my naà ¯ve fairy-tale images. His head bobbed eagerly. â€Å"Yes, yes, your majesty. Thank you, your majesty.† After that, it was nearly impossible to leave. I was regarded as a miracle worker. I was no longer the tyrant queen. I was their savior, the generous and wonderful monarch who had brought life to their land. I declined their pleas to stay and celebrate but told them I'd be back with other ways to save their town. Admittedly, I had no idea what that would entail, but mentioning such a minor detail would have seriously brought down everyone's mood. When we were finally mounted up and able to head out, I suddenly felt a tug on my shoe. Surprised, I looked down and saw a middle-aged man gazing up at me. A similarly aged woman stood close beside him. â€Å"How dare you touch the queen!† gasped Davros. From his face, it looked like he was seriously afraid I might level the town. I waved him off. â€Å"It's okay.† The man who'd pulled my leg regarded me pleadingly. â€Å"Please, your majesty. My wife and I have a boon to ask of you!† â€Å"That's a favor or a request,† said Rurik helpfully. â€Å"I know what a boon is,† I snapped. I looked back down at the couple, unwilling to make any promises yet. â€Å"What is it?† The man put his arm around the woman. â€Å"We've heard that you're both a great warrior and a great magic user.† â€Å"And clearly kind and compassionate,† added his wife. â€Å"And?† I asked. â€Å"And very beautiful and-â€Å" â€Å"No,† I exclaimed. â€Å"I mean, what's your boon?† â€Å"Our daughter has been taken,† the woman said, eyes filling with tears. â€Å"We beg you to help us get her back.† â€Å"Whoa. That might be a little beyond my reach,† I told them. â€Å"When you say taken, do you mean, like, kidnapped?† They both nodded, and I was swept by a strange sense of deja vu. I'd first stumbled into this Otherworldly mess when I'd been hired in the human world to also find a missing girl. The girl had turned out to be Jasmine, though I'd had no clue at the time that she was half-gentry, let alone my sister. Was my life destined to be filled with missing girls? Davros stepped forward, looking upset and embarrassed. â€Å"Your majesty, please ignore them for troubling you with something so meaningless. Their daughter was not taken by anyone. She ran off to Highmore with her lover from a neighboring village.† I glanced at Shaya and Rurik. â€Å"What's Highmore?† â€Å"Really?† asked Rurik dryly. â€Å"I thought you already knew everything.† I glared at him. â€Å"It's a city,† said Shaya. â€Å"The largest in this kingdom.† â€Å"Wait, what? I have cities?† I asked, feeling my eyes go wide. The distraught couple interrupted my new revelation. â€Å"Davros is wrong,† the woman said. â€Å"Our daughter did not run off. She was taken by the bandits who live in the passes.† â€Å"Everyone knows they're there,† added the man. He eyed Davros. â€Å"Them and their beasts. Even you won't deny their existence. They've been there for years, and she isn't the first girl to disappear.† I turned to Davros. â€Å"Is that true?† He shifted uncomfortably under my gaze. â€Å"Well, yes, your majesty, but such brigands are nothing you need to concern yourself about, just as King Aeson did not.† â€Å"Wait. Aeson knew there were bandits going after you guys and didn't do anything?† â€Å"Such petty concerns were beneath him,† said Davros. To my astonishment, he seemed to believe that. â€Å"I don't know,† I said slowly. â€Å"If a monarch doesn't take care of that kind of thing, I'm not really sure what they're supposed to do.† Truthfully, I didn't want to deal with this any more than I wanted any other Thorn Land responsibilities. But the mention of Aeson had stirred my blood. Aeson had been a self-serving asshole, and it pissed me off that he would have left these people to fend for themselves. The only thing I wanted less than to be a ruler was to be a ruler like him. Furthermore, the same fury that Jasmine's abduction had stirred in me flared up. Maybe it was my own experience with always being chased down by aggressive men, but I hated the thought of any girl facing rape or abduction. It didn't matter that these were gentry girls and not humans. The principle was the same. Brigands and thieves taking advantage of young girls, of preying on those weaker, had to be stopped. â€Å"I'll send people to take care of these bandits,† I said finally. Behind me, Rurik made a strange sound. â€Å"But I can't make any guarantees about your daughter.† The couple's faces lit up, and they fell to the ground in gratitude. â€Å"Thank you, your majesty!† the woman cried. Her husband chimed in. â€Å"Truly you are generous and magnanimous and-â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, okay, there's no need for that,† I said hastily. â€Å"Or to kneel. You're going to get all dirty.† We had just started to ride away when Shaya leaned toward me. â€Å"You've made a lot of promises today.† I thought about it. She was right. I'd promised to help them get food, rebuild their infrastructure, and rid themselves of those who preyed upon them. â€Å"Yeah. I guess I did.† She gave me a bemused look. â€Å"And how are you going to accomplish all of this?† I glanced around us, noting that the faces watching us leave town were no longer blank and afraid. They were grateful and adoring. I sighed. â€Å"That,† I told her, â€Å"is an excellent question.†